2010年渤海海冰灾害特征分析

2010年中国遭遇到近30年来最严重的海冰冰情,因灾直接经济损失高达63.18亿元,占全年海洋灾害总经济损失的47.6%——海冰成为中国2010年海洋灾害中的主要灾种之一。基于区域灾害系统论,运用气象数据、MODIS图像和社会经济统计等资料,对2010年渤海海冰灾害的特征进行了初步分析。结果显示,以莱州湾结冰范围扩大为代表的渤海海冰分布变化是致灾因子区域危险性增大的主要特征,环渤海地区海水养殖面积和产量的增加是承灾体暴露性增大的主要特征,而总体灾情严重则是二者的综合结果。     

Metal distribution characteristic of MSWI bottom ash in view of metal recovery

Bottom ash is the major by-product of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI), and is often reused as an engineering material, such as road-base aggregate. However, some metals(especially aluminum) in bottom ash can react with water and generate gas that could cause expansion and failure of products containing the ash; these metals must be removed before the ash is utilized. The size distribution and the chemical speciation of metals in the bottom ash from two Chinese MSWI plants were examined in this study, and the recovery potential of metals from the ash was evaluated. The metal concentrations in these bottom ashes were lower than that generated in other developed countries. Specifically, the contents of Al,Fe, Cu and Zn were 18.9–29.2, 25.5–32.3, 0.7–1.0 and 1.6–2.5 g/kg, respectively. Moreover,44.9–57.0 wt.% of Al and 55.6–75.4 wt.% of Fe were distributed in bottom ash particles smaller than 5 mm. Similarly, 46.6–79.7 wt.% of Cu and 42.9–74.2 wt.% of Zn were concentrated in particles smaller than 3 mm. The Fe in the bottom ash mainly existed as hematite, and its chemical speciation was considered to limit the recovery efficiency of magnetic separation.     

跨界水资源利用的理论分析及国际环境保护制度构建研究

基于跨界水资源利用的理论分析及国际环境保护制度构建,对限制领土主权理论必须重新审视.共同利益理论要从根本上解决跨界水资源开发利用问题必须要正视主权、明确水权性质的归属.国际水道非航行使用法公约的现实状况说明,必须厘清跨界水资源水权与流域国家主权的关系、准确把握跨界水资源水权的定性,才能解决环境保护问题.为此,在确定跨界水资源水权性质为主权范围内所有权基础上,应构建事前预防、事后补偿、争端解决等国际环境保护法律机制.     

SCREEN3模型在大气环境管理中的应用研究

基于高斯扩散的单源估算模式SCREEN3计算佛山市环境统计企业的SO2排放最大落地浓度距离,发现全市工业企业SO2排放最大落地浓度距离为0.4~13.5 km.其中水泥和火电等高架源的最大落地浓度的距离最远.佛山市及五区纳入环境统计的重点废气排放企业平均的SO2排放最大落地浓度距离为2.9~4.9 km,能直接影响国控监测点位的企业合计37家,其中40%为高明区的企业.该结果证明加强空气质量国控监测点位周边至少5 km内废气排放企业的督查有利于空气质量的改善.     

Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic carbons in sludges from wastewater treatment plants in Guangdong, China

In this study, the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in six sludge samples collected from Guangdong Province, China. Concentrations of PAHs varying from 2,534.1 to 6,926.6 μg kg^???1 (dry sludge) were observed in three municipal wastewater treatment plants with phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene, and pyrene being the main compounds. In addition, 682.6 μg kg^???1 PAHs were detected in one sludge sample from a food processing plant, with fluorene, Phe, and chrysene being the main components. No PAHs were detected in sludge samples obtained from two cosmetic plants. The levels and distributional characteristics of PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic musks (PMs) from the samples were also compared. The results of this comparison indicated that petrochemical refineries and road traffic played important roles in the PAH loads in sludge, while PMs primarily originated from domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater from cosmetic plants. Finally, the presence of 98.8 μg kg^???1 PCBs in sludge suggested diffusional emission sources from electrical components containing PCBs.     

高效脱硫菌的筛选及其性能研究

从高硫污染的活性污泥中富集培养，分离纯化得到一株可以降解噻吩的菌株s_4，并对该菌株的形态特征进行观察。应用Design—Expert8．0．5b软件进行响应面优化实验，研究了反应时间、噻吩浓度、微生物浓度3个因素的组合对菌株s_4脱硫效果的影响，并拟合得到多元二次回归方程，得出最佳实验条件。拟合结果表明，当反应时间27．46h，噻吩浓度为1．04％，微生物浓度4．04％时，预测噻吩降解率为14．8％，通过验证得最佳条件下的降解率为14．3％，与预测值相符。     

碳纳米管电极原位产生过氧化氢及其对亚甲基蓝脱色效果简

将碳纳米管固定化制成多孔疏水性导电薄膜构建电化学阴极还原体系，实现过氧化氢在阴极的原位产生。电极特性研究表明，电极在较宽的电压范围内均具有较好的活性。考察了阴极电位、电极成分、氧气流量和电解质浓度对过氧化氢原位产生的影响，在优化条件下经过120 min后过氧化氢达到66.17 mg/L，并探讨过氧化氢原位产生的机理。在此基础上考察原位过氧化氢氧化工艺下对亚甲基蓝的脱色效果，并分析其脱色机理。     

循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术热电厂生命周期评价

运用生命周期评价方法,应用Gabi5.0软件对采用循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术的热电企业进行资源耗竭和环境影响分析,计算各生产单元生命周期清单的全球变暖潜值、酸化效应潜值、富营养化潜值、非生物资源耗竭潜值、人体毒性潜值以及光化学烟雾和臭氧生成潜值等主要环境影响类型,对燃煤发电过程进行生命周期评价。结果表明,全球变暖和非生物资源耗竭为发电运行过程中主要的环境影响因素,分别占53%和15.05%;锅炉燃烧阶段的环境影响最重,占整个生命周期影响值的77.12%,并且除生物耗竭潜值外的其他5项指标均为发电运行阶段各个单元中最高。采用SNCR脱硝技术减少燃烧过程中NOx的排放量,并对该技术方案进行生命周期评价,比较方案实施前后的环境影响。     

抗铬菌株的筛选鉴定及其生物学特性和吸附特性

利用微生物分离纯化技术,在培养基中加入不同浓度的Cr3+、Cr6+,经过长时间驯化,从污染土壤中筛选出2株对Cr具有较高抗性的菌株(A和B),对其进行了形态、生理生化特性及分子生物学鉴定,并研究了其最佳生长条件及对Cr3+的生物吸附规律。结果表明,菌株A和B分别为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和米根霉菌(Rhizopus oryzae)。菌株A和B的最适生长pH值均为7,最适生长温度均为30℃,最佳装液量为80~100 mL(250 mL摇瓶)。在培养时间一定时,随着Cr3+浓度的增加,菌株对Cr3+的吸附率减少,而生物吸附量则逐渐增大;在Cr3+浓度一定时,随着培养时间的延长,菌体对Cr3+的吸附率呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,这与生物吸附量的变化趋势基本一致。在Cr3+浓度为100 mg/L时,菌株A和B对Cr3+的吸附率达到最大,分别为51.47%和46.36%。     

UV/Fenton技术处理某工厂高浓度乳化油废水

研究了UV/Fenton技术对高浓度金属清洗乳化油废水的处理效果,考察了亚铁与双氧水浓度、pH、反应时间和搅拌对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,UV/Fenton技术对高浓度乳化油废水(COD平均浓度为35 000 mg/L)具有较高的去除效果,最佳工艺条件为:亚铁与双氧水浓度分别为2 400 mg/L和6 000 mg/L,pH为3,经过2 h反应,COD可降低至1 050 mg/L,去除率为97%。搅拌会降低COD的去除率。研究表明,UV/Fenton技术对高浓度乳化油废水具有很好的降解效果,且药品消耗较低,为目前此类高浓度有机废水的处理提供了技术参考。